# comment for test !! ! ! ! !! @prefix : . @prefix golem: . @prefix dc: . @prefix vs: . @prefix dlp_csm: . @prefix dlp_temp: . @prefix dlp_spat: . @prefix dlp_funct: . @prefix dlp_extDnS: . @prefix dol: . @prefix dul_region: . @prefix ecrm: . @prefix lrmoo: . @prefix owl: . @prefix rdf: . @prefix xml: . @prefix xsd: . @prefix rdfs: . @prefix skos: . @prefix vann: . @prefix dcterms: . @base . rdf:type owl:Ontology ; owl:versionIRI ; owl:priorVersion ; owl:versionInfo "2.0.0" ; owl:imports , , ; dc:created "2024-10-10"^^xsd:date ; dc:creator "GOLEM Lab" ; dc:license ; dc:title "GOLEM Ontology" ; dcterms:bibliographicCitation "Pianzola, F., Pannach, F., Cheng, L., Yang, X, and Scotti, L. (2024). GOLEM Ontology for Narrative and Fiction. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.14911392" ; dcterms:created "2024-10-10"^^xsd:date ; dcterms:modified "2026-08-24"^^xsd:date ; dcterms:creator "GOLEM Lab" ; dcterms:hasVersion "2.0.0" ; dcterms:identifier , ; dcterms:issued "2024-10-10"^^xsd:date ; dcterms:license ; dcterms:publisher "GOLEM Lab" ; dcterms:status "stable" ; vann:preferredNamespacePrefix "golem" ; vann:preferredNamespaceUri "https://w3id.org/golem/ontology#" ; rdfs:comment """# Golem Ontology for Narrative and Fiction ### GOLEM v2.0 Created by Pianzola, F., Pannach, F., Cheng, L., Yang, X, and Scotti, L. ([GOLEM lab](https://golemlab.eu/)), October 10, 2024 [CC BY 4.0](https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode) ### Overview ## GOLEM Ontology of fiction and narrative, developed as an extension of the [Erlangen CRM](http://erlangen-crm.org/) and aligned with the [DOLCE-Lite-Plus Ecosystem](https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/WNET/DLP3941_daml.html). It adopts a [DOLCE+DnS Ultralite](https://akswnc7.informatik.uni-leipzig.de/dstreitmatter/archivo/ontologydesignpatterns.org/ont--dul--DUL--owl/2021.06.07-182648/ont--dul--DUL--owl_type=pyLodeDoc.html) design pattern for modelling textual and character attributes. GOLEM also reuses selected constructs from [LRMoo](https://cidoc-crm.org/lrmoo/) while preserving their original namespace and introducing only the additional classes and relations required for its modelling purposes. Narrative phenomena can be viewed as interconnected systems in which various components influence one another. Understanding the properties of narratives requires analyzing them in relation to each other and within their broader context, rather than in isolation ([Pianzola, 2018](https://golemlab.eu/publications/complexity/)). Formal ontologies provide a structured and systematic approach to representing the essential elements of storytelling. By capturing relevant concepts, constraints, and interrelationships among narrative elements, ontology ensures a consistent and explicit representation of the narrative domain. In literary studies, traditional quantitative and probabilistic methods often struggle to account for the semantic richness and intensional qualities of texts ([Ciotti, 2016](https://impactum-journals.uc.pt/matlit/article/download/2182-8830_4-1_2/1932?inline=1)). In contrast, ontology modeling highlights the complexities of narrative structure, making these elements explicit and computable. The GOLEM project developed an ontology that models narratives and fiction independently of their specific domains. To achieve this, the project seeks to identify a common ground that defines how key elements of narrative structure—such as events, characters, social relationships, and settings—interrelate. By employing a modularization approach, GOLEM will create a comprehensive library of modules that encapsulate these narrative components, including modules for characters, relationships, events, settings, and narrative inference. GOLEM v2.0 introduces a major architectural and semantic refactoring of the ontology. The ontology now adopts Erlangen CRM as its CRM foundation and uses a lightweight reuse strategy for selected LRMoo constructs, avoiding the import of the full LRMoo and CRM OWL dependency chain. The feature model has been revised through the DUL Region pattern, with G2_Feature represented as a region and GP0_has_feature aligned with the corresponding region relation. The v2.0 revision further removes the use of dol:generically-dependent-on, avoiding an unnecessary semantic commitment where the relevant dependencies can instead be addressed through provenance mechanisms. These changes substantially reduce the ontology's import closure while preserving the intended semantics of the GOLEM conceptualization and improving computational tractability and maintainability. The detailed description of each module can be read in the [GitHub](https://github.com/GOLEM-lab/golem-ontology/wiki). Furthermore, the ontology contributes to comparative studies by providing a structured framework for analyzing narratives across different cultural contexts. It enhances our understanding of cumulative cultural evolution in narratives, allowing for a more nuanced exploration of how narratives evolve and grows cumulatively over time ([Pianzola et al., 2020](https://ceur-ws.org/Vol-2723/short8.pdf)). ### References Abbott, H. P. (2019). Narrativity. In P. Hühn et al. (Eds.), *The living handbook of narratology*. Hamburg University. Bartalesi, V., Meghini, C., & Metilli, D. (2017). A conceptualisation of narratives and its expression in the ecrm. *International Journal of Metadata, Semantics and Ontologies*, 12(1), 35-46. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMSO.2017.10005083 Bekiari, C., Bruseker, G., Canning, E., Doerr, M., Michon, P., Ore, C.-E., Stead, S., & Velios, A. (2024, October). Conceptual reference model (CIDOC ecrm), version 7.3 (Tech. rep.). CIDOC ecrm-SIG. Carroll, N. (2015). Interpretation. In *The Routledge companion to philosophy of literature* (pp. 302–312). Routledge. Chaturvedi, S., Srivastava, S., Daume III, H., & Dyer, C. (2015). Modeling dynamic relationships between characters in literary novels. *arXiv preprint arXiv:1511.09376*. http://arxiv.org/abs/1511.09376 Ciotti, F. (2016). Toward a formal ontology for narrative. *MATLIT: Materialidades da Literatura*, 4(1), 29-44. Doerr, M., Kritsotaki, A., Rousakis, Y., Hiebel, G., & Theodoridou, M. (2023, October). ecrmsci: The scientific observation model (Tech. rep.). CIDOC ecrm-SIG. Jannidis, F. (2019). Character. In P. Hühn et al. (Eds.), *The living handbook of narratology*. Hamburg University. Kukkonen, K. (2019). Plot. In P. Hühn et al. (Eds.), *The living handbook of narratology*. Hamburg University. Lea, K. M. (1962). *Italian popular comedy: A study in the commedia dell'arte, 1560–1620 with special reference to the English stage* (Vol. 1). Russell & Russell. Mika, P., & Gangemi, A. (2016). Descriptions of social relations. *Benefits*, 1, 14. https://doi.org/10.3390/benefits1010014 Pannach, F. (2023, July). “Orpheus came to his end by being struck by a thunderbolt”: Annotating events in mythological sequences. In *Proceedings of the 17th Linguistic Annotation Workshop (LAW-XVII)* (pp. 10-18). Pannach, F. A. K. (2024). Narrative echoes across time and space. Pannach, F., Sporleder, C., May, W., Krishnan, A., & Sewchurran, A. (2021). Of lions and Yakshis. *Semantic Web*, 12(2), 219-239. Propp, V. (1968). *Morphology of the folktale*. University of Texas Press. Pianzola, F. (2018). Looking at narrative as a complex system: The proteus principle. In *Narrating complexity* (pp. 101-122). Pianzola, F., Acerbi, A., & Rebora, S. (2020). Cultural accumulation and improvement in online fan fiction. In *CEUR Workshop Proceedings* (Vol. 2723). CEUR-WS. org. Ryan, M.-L. (2019). Space. In P. Hühn et al. (Eds.), *The living handbook of narratology*. Hamburg University. Sanfilippo, E. M., & Ferrario, R. (2024). D3.1—Observations modeling: State of the art. Schöch, C., Hinzmann, M., Röttgermann, J., Dietz, K., & Klee, A. (2022). Smart modelling for literary history. *International Journal of Humanities and Arts Computing*, 16(1), 78–93. Zgoll, A., Cuperly, B., & Cöster-Gilbert, A. (2023). In search of Dumuzi: An introduction to holistic narratology. In *The shape of stories* (pp. 285-350). Brill. Zgoll, C. (2020). Myths as polymorphous and polystratic Erzählstoffe. In *Mythische Sphärenwechsel: Methodisch neue Zugänge zu antiken Mythen in Orient und Okzident* (pp. 9-82)."""@en ; rdfs:label "GOLEM Ontology"@en ; vs:term_status "stable" . ################################################################# # Annotation properties ################################################################# ### http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/created dc:created rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator dc:creator rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date dc:date rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description dc:description rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/license dc:license rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title dc:title rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/bibliographicCitation dcterms:bibliographicCitation rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/created dcterms:created rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/creator dcterms:creator rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/hasVersion dcterms:hasVersion rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/identifier dcterms:identifier rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/issued dcterms:issued rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/license dcterms:license rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/publisher dcterms:publisher rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/source dcterms:source rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/dc/terms/status dcterms:status rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespacePrefix vann:preferredNamespacePrefix rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://purl.org/vocab/vann/preferredNamespaceUri vann:preferredNamespaceUri rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment rdfs:comment rdfs:comment "A description of the subject resource." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs: ; rdfs:label "comment" . ### http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#isDefinedBy rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs:comment "The defininition of the subject resource." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs: ; rdfs:label "isDefinedBy" . ### http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label rdfs:label rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty ; rdfs:comment "A human-readable name for the subject." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs: ; rdfs:label "label" . ### http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#seeAlso rdfs:seeAlso rdfs:comment "Further information about the subject resource." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs: ; rdfs:label "seeAlso" . ### http://www.w3.org/2003/06/sw-vocab-status/ns#term_status vs:term_status rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#example skos:example rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#notation skos:notation rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ### http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core#prefLabel skos:prefLabel rdf:type owl:AnnotationProperty . ################################################################# # Datatypes ################################################################# ### http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#date xsd:date rdf:type rdfs:Datatype . ################################################################# # Object Properties ################################################################# ### LRMoo ### ### lrmoo:R3_is_realised_in lrmoo:R3_is_realised_in rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ecrm:P130_shows_features_of ; owl:inverseOf lrmoo:R3i_realises ; rdfs:domain lrmoo:F1_Work ; rdfs:range lrmoo:F2_Expression ; rdfs:comment """Quantification: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note: This property associates an instance of F2 Expression with an instance of F1 Work. This property expresses the association that exists between an expression and the work that this expression conveys. Our factual knowledge of how a given work is historically realised into expressions is often limited. Therefore, this property makes it possible to express the association between an instance of F2 Expression and the instance of F1 Work it conveys without identifying the particular instances of F2 Expression that were part of a chain of derivation from the source."""@en , "In GOLEM, a narrative or idea (work) is realized in a specific expression, such as a text, movie, performance, or other medium." ; rdfs:label "R3 is realised in"@en ; skos:example "The work Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (F1) is realised in the text of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Rowling, 2007) (F2)." . ### lrmoo:R3i_realises lrmoo:R3i_realises rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ecrm:P130i_features_are_also_found_on ; rdfs:domain lrmoo:F2_Expression ; rdfs:range lrmoo:F1_Work ; rdfs:comment """Quantification of the inverse property: one to many, necessary, dependent (1,n:1,1) Scope note of the inverse property: This property associates an instance of F2 Expression with an instance of F1 Work. This property expresses the association that exists between an expression and the work that this expression conveys. Our factual knowledge of how a given work is historically realised into expressions is often limited. Therefore, this property makes it possible to express the association between an instance of F2 Expression and the instance of F1 Work it conveys without identifying the particular instances of F2 Expression that were part of a chain of derivation from the source. Examples of the inverse property: - Agatha Christie’s work entitled ‘Murder on the Orient Express’ (F1) is realised in the original text written by Agatha Christie for the novel (F2). - Agatha Christie’s work entitled ‘Murder on the Orient Express’ (F1) is realised in the German translation created by Elisabeth van Bebber (F2). - Agatha Christie’s work entitled ‘Murder on the Orient Express’ (F1) is realised in the narration of the English text by David Suchet (F2). - Dante’s work entitled ‘Inferno’ (F1) is realised in the Italian text of Dante’s ‘Inferno’ as found in the authoritative critical edition ‘La Commedia secondo l’antica issolu’ a cura di Giorgio Petrocchi, Milano: Mondadori, 1966-67 (= ‘Le Opere di Dante Alighieri’, Edizione Nazionale a cura della Società Dantesca Italiana, VII, 1-4) (F2). - Johann Sebastian Bach’s ‘Goldberg Variations’ (F1) is realised in the score of the ‘Goldberg Variations’ (as published by Balthasar Schmid in 1741) (F2). - Auguste Rodin’s work ‘The Thinker’ (F1) is realised in the first plaster version of ‘The thinker’ (F2) that Auguste Rodin made around 1881. - Auguste Rodin’s work ‘The Thinker’ (F1) is realised in the large-scale version of ‘The thinker’ (F2) created at the Fonderie Alexis Rudier in 1904. """@en , "A narrative or idea (work) is realized in a specific expression, such as a text, movie, performance, or other medium." ; rdfs:label "R3i realises"@en . ### lrmoo:R5_has_component lrmoo:R5_has_component rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ecrm:P148_has_component ; owl:inverseOf lrmoo:R5i_is_component_of ; rdfs:domain lrmoo:F2_Expression ; rdfs:range lrmoo:F2_Expression ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, it indicates that an expression (such as a text) contains a specific component, like a word, sentence, or paragraph." , """Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of an F2 Expression X with a structural component Y that conveys a part of the overall work realized by X, such as volumes, chapters, or sections. This property is transitive, asymmetric and irreflexive. Any part of an expression that conveys complete propositions, such as a single phrase, can be documented using the more general property P148 has component (is component of). Any part of an expression that does not completely follow meaningful boundaries, such as lines or pages of text or portions visible on images, can be documented using the property P106 is composed of (forms part of), and not with R5 has component (is component of). Fragments, in particular, can be documented with the more specific property R15 has fragment (is fragment of). This property does not cover the relationship that exists between expressions that are realisations of different works, where one is re-used in a new, larger expression. Such a relationship is modelled by R75 incorporates (is incorporated in) ([LRMoo version1.0, 2024](https://www.cidoc-crm.org/extensions/lrmoo/html/LRMoo_v1.0.html)).""" ; rdfs:label "R5 has component"@en ; skos:example "Text of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Rowling, 2007) (F2) has component a paragraph in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (F2)." . ### lrmoo:R5i_is_component_of lrmoo:R5i_is_component_of rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf ecrm:P148i_is_component_of ; owl:inverseOf lrmoo:R5_has_component ; rdfs:domain lrmoo:F2_Expression ; rdfs:range lrmoo:F2_Expression ; rdfs:comment """Quantification: many to many (0,n:0,n) Scope note: This property associates an instance of an F2 Expression X with a structural component Y that conveys a part of the overall work realized by X, such as volumes, chapters, or sections. This property is transitive, asymmetric and irreflexive. Any part of an expression that conveys complete propositions, such as a single phrase, can be documented using the more general property P148 has component (is component of). Any part of an expression that does not completely follow meaningful boundaries, such as lines or pages of text or portions visible on images, can be documented using the property P106 is composed of (forms part of), and not with R5 has component (is component of). Fragments, in particular, can be documented with the more specific property R15 has fragment (is fragment of). This property does not cover the relationship that exists between expressions that are realisations of different works, where one is re-used in a new, larger expression. Such a relationship is modelled by R75 incorporates (is incorporated in) ([LRMoo version1.0, 2024](https://www.cidoc-crm.org/extensions/lrmoo/html/LRMoo_v1.0.html)).""" ; rdfs:label "R5i is component of"@en . ### ECRM ### ### ecrm:P127_has_broader_term ecrm:P127_has_broader_term rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:example "\"Friendship\" (E55) has broader term \"topic\" (E55)." . ### ecrm:P130_shows_features_of ecrm:P130_shows_features_of rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In the GOLEM ontology, it indicates that a Stoff variant exhibits features of the Stoff, such as a Character-Stoff or Narrative-Stoff." ; skos:example "Harry Potter (character) who appears in Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (movie, 2001) (G1) shows features of Harry Potter Stoff (G0)." , "The Battle of Hogwarts in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Rowling, 2007) (G7) shows features of Battle of Hogwarts Stoff (G14)." . ### ecrm:P140_assigned_attribute_to ecrm:P140_assigned_attribute_to rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:example "Relationship assignment for Ron and Hermione (E13) assigned attribute to romantic love between Ron and Hermione (G4)." , "The topic assignment for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (E13) assigned attribute to the work Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (Rowling, 1997) (F1)." . ### ecrm:P141_assigned ecrm:P141_assigned rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:example "Relationship assignment for Ron and Hermione (E13) assigned Ron (G1) [to romantic love between Ron and Hermione (G4)]." , "The topic assignment for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (E13) assigned “friendship” (E55) [to the work Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (F1)]." . ### ecrm:P16_used_specific_object ecrm:P16_used_specific_object rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, indicates that an object (G16) is used in a narrative event (G5), or a source is used in an observation or inference process (E13)." . ### ecrm:P177_assigned_property_of_type ecrm:P177_assigned_property_of_type rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:example "The topic assignment for Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone (E13) assigned property of type “topic” (E55)." . ### ecrm:P2_has_type ecrm:P2_has_type rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:example "Narrative function “Victory” (G10) has type “Proppian function” (E55)" . ### ecrm:P67_refers_to ecrm:P67_refers_to rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, indicates that a narrative unit (G9) refers to a specific narrative event (G5)" ; skos:example "The hyleme “Voldemort casts the ‘Avada Kedavra’ curse” (G9) refers to the event “Harry heard the high voice shriek [...]: ‘Avada Kedavra!’” (G5)." . ### ecrm:P91_has_unit ecrm:P91_has_unit rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; skos:example "Kudos (E54) has unit kudos (E58). (Smile as Bright as the Sun as You Fade into Darkness from AO3)" , "Word count (E54) has unit word count (E58)." . ### DLP ### ### dlp_csm:duration dlp_csm:duration rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, indicates that a narrative event (G5) has a specific duration." ; rdfs:label "duration" ; skos:example "The Battle of Hogwarts (G5) has *duration* several hours (time-interval)." . ### dlp_csm:duration-of dlp_csm:duration-of rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "duration of" . ### dol:generic-location dol:generic-location rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, specifies the location (G13) of an enduring entity, such as a character (G1) or object (G16), within the narrative."@en ; rdfs:label "generic location"@en . ### dol:generic-location-of dol:generic-location-of rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "generic location of"@en ; skos:example "Quidditch World Cup Campsite (G13) is generic location of Harry Potter (G1)." , "Quidditch World Cup Campsite (G13) is generic location of Quidditch banners and flags (G16)." . ### dol:participant dol:participant rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, indicates that an endurant, such as a character (G1) or object (G16), participates in a specific narrative event (G5)."@en ; rdfs:label "participant"@en . ### dol:participant-in dol:participant-in rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "participant in"@en ; skos:example "Harry Potter (G1) participant in the Battle of Hogwarts (G5)." , "The egg (G16) participant in the event in which Cedric gives Harry a hint (G5) (chapter 24 of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire)." . ### dol:proper-part dol:proper-part rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, indicates that an entity is proper part of a larger entity. For example, a child location (G13) is proper part of a larger parent location (G13)." ; rdfs:label "proper part"@en ; skos:example "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Rowling, 2007) (F1) has proper part Hyleme “Harry’s triumph, as Voldemort dies from his rebounded curse” (G9)." , "Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry (G13) has proper part Forbidden Forest (G13)." . ### dol:proper-part-of dol:proper-part-of rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "proper part of"@en . ### dlp_extDnS:d-uses dlp_extDnS:d-uses rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "This property links a (dlp:)description, such as a work (F1) or relationship (G4), to a (dlp:)role, like a narrative function (G10) or a relationship role (G6). It also links a work (F1) to a (dlp:)course, like fabula or syuzhet (G7_Narrative_Sequence)."@en ; rdfs:label "d-uses"@en ; skos:example "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Rowling, 2007) (F1) d-uses the fabula of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (G7)." , "Romantic love between Ron and Hermione (G4) d-uses the role \"lover\" (G6)." . ### dlp_extDnS:d-used-by dlp_extDnS:d-used-by rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "d-used-by"@en . ### dlp_extDnS:involves dlp_extDnS:involves rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, indicates that a character is involved in a social relationship."@en ; rdfs:label "involves"@en . ### dlp_extDnS:involved-in dlp_extDnS:involved-in rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "involved in"@en ; skos:example "Ron (G1) involved in the romantic love between Ron and Hermione (G4)." . ### dlp_extDnS:modal-target dlp_extDnS:modal-target rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, it relates a narrative function (G10) or narrative role (G11) to their target sequence of narrative events (dlp:perdurants), like fabula or syuzhet (G7_Narrative_Sequence). This property is useful both to link tropes to the whole course of action of a story and to retrieve all the narrative functions associated with the events of a story. It can also be used to specify the relationship roles (G6) of a social relationship (G4)." ; rdfs:label "modal target"@en . ### dlp_extDnS:modal-target-of dlp_extDnS:modal-target-of rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "modal target of"@en ; skos:example "Proppian function “Victory” (G10) is the modal target of the fabula (G7_Narrative_Sequence) of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Rowling, 2007)." , "“Hero” (G11) is modal target of the narrative sequence (G7) of Battle of Hogwarts in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (Rowling, 2007)." . ### dlp_extDnS:plays dlp_extDnS:plays rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, an endurant, such as a narrative unit or a character, plays a role in a (dlp:)description, such as a narrative function (G10) or relationship role (G11)." ; rdfs:label "plays"@en ; skos:example "Ron (G1) plays relationship role \"lover\" (G4)." , "The hyper-hyleme \"Harry defeats Voldemort” (G9) plays proppian function \"Victory\" (G10)." . ### dlp_extDnS:played-by dlp_extDnS:played-by rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "played-by"@en . ### dlp_extDnS:successor dlp_extDnS:successor rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Specifies the order between two entities, where one is the successor or predecessor of the other." ; rdfs:label "successor"@en . ### dlp_extDnS:predecessor dlp_extDnS:predecessor rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "predecessor" ; skos:example "Harry's life at the Dursleys (G12) is predecessor of the Wizarding World (G12)." . ### dlp_extDnS:satisfies dlp_extDnS:satisfies rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, this property links a setting (G12) to a work (F1)." ; rdfs:label "satisfies"@en ; skos:example "The setting of \"Wizarding community rivalries during the Triwizard Tournament\" (G12) satisfies the work Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (F1)." . ### dlp_extDnS:satisfied-by dlp_extDnS:satisfied-by rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "satisfied by"@en . ### dlp_extDnS:sequences dlp_extDnS:sequences rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, indicates that a fabula or syuzhet (G7) sequences narrative events in a specific order." ; rdfs:label "sequences"@en ; skos:example "The fabula and syuzhet (G7) of Battle of Hogwarts in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (J. K. Rowling, 2007) sequences a series of individual events" . ### dlp_extDnS:sequenced-by dlp_extDnS:sequenced-by rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "sequenced-by"@en . ### dlp_extDnS:setting dlp_extDnS:setting rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, links a narrative setting (G12) to various elements such as location (G13), time, character (G1), object (G16), or event (G5)." , """The relation between a situation and the entities that constitute it. (At least some of, or all) such entities must be classified by concepts defined by the description that the situation is supposed to satisfy ([DOLCE-Lite-Plus, 2005](https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/WNET/DLP3941_daml.html)).""" ; rdfs:label "setting"@en . ### dlp_extDnS:setting-for dlp_extDnS:setting-for rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, links a narrative setting (G12) to various elements such as location (G13), time, character (G1), object (G16), or event (G5)." ; rdfs:label "setting for"@en ; skos:example "Wizarding community rivalries during the Triwizard Tournament (G12) is setting for Harry Potter (G1)." , "Wizarding community rivalries during the Triwizard Tournament (G12) is setting for Quidditch World Cup campsite (G13)." , "Wizarding community rivalries during the Triwizard Tournament (G12) is setting for Triwizard Tournament (G5)." . ### dlp_extDnS:uses dlp_extDnS:uses rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, describes a character's (G1) use of an object (G16) in a narrative event (G5) or narrative unit (G9)." ; rdfs:label "uses"@en ; skos:example "Harry Potter (G1) uses the Elder Wand (G16) in the Battle of Hogwarts." . ### dlp_extDnS:used-by dlp_extDnS:used-by rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, describes a character's (G1) use of an object (G16) in a narrative event (G5) or narrative unit (G9)." ; rdfs:label "used-by"@en . ### dlp_funct:has-state dlp_funct:has-state rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Participation in a state ([DOLCE-Lite-Plus, 2005](https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/WNET/DLP3941_daml.html))."@en , "In GOLEM, indicates the psychological state (G3) of a character (G1)." ; rdfs:label "has-state"@en ; skos:example "Ron in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (G1) has state “jealousy” (G3) during the event Yule Ball (G5)." . ### dlp_funct:state-of dlp_funct:state-of rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, indicates the psychological state (G3) of a character (G1)." , "Participation in a state ([DOLCE-Lite-Plus, 2005](https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/WNET/DLP3941_daml.html))." ; rdfs:label "state-of"@en . ### dlp_spat:participant-place dlp_spat:participant-place rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, indicates the location (G13) where a narrative event (G5) took place."@en ; rdfs:label "participant place"@en ; skos:example "The Quidditch World Cup match (G5) has participant place Quidditch World Cup Campsite (G13)." . ### dlp_spat:participant-place-of dlp_spat:participant-place-of rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "participant place of"@en . ### dlp_temp:follows dlp_temp:follows rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, describes the temporal relation between two narrative events (G5) or psychological states (G3), either chronologically or causally."@en , "Temporal precedence between two perdurants. No further dependence is implied (e.g. mereological, causal) ([DOLCE-Lite-Plus, 2005](https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/WNET/DLP3941_daml.html))."@en ; rdfs:label "follows"@en ; skos:example "Ron argues with Hermione about her date (G5) follows Hermione arrives at the ball with Viktor Krum (G5)." , "Ron argues with Hermione about her date (G5) follows Ron has state “jealousy” (G3) during the Yule Ball (G5)." . ### dlp_temp:precedes dlp_temp:precedes rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "precedes"@en . ### dlp_temp:temporal-location dlp_temp:temporal-location rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "Analytical location holding between physical perdurants and temporal regions ([DOLCE-Lite-Plus, 2005](https://www.w3.org/2001/sw/BestPractices/WNET/DLP3941_daml.html))." , "In GOLEM, describes the specific time point at which a narrative event (G5) occurs." ; rdfs:label "temporal location"@en ; skos:example "The Yule Ball in *Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire* (movie, 2005) (G5) has temporal location Christmas Eve (time-interval)." . ### dlp_temp:temporal-location-of dlp_temp:temporal-location-of rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "temporal location of"@en . ### dlp_temp:temporally-includes dlp_temp:temporally-includes rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, indicates that a general event (G5) contains one or more sub-events (G5) or psychological states (G3)." ; rdfs:label "temporally includes"@en ; skos:example "The Battle of Hogwarts (G5) temporally includes the death of Voldemort (G5)." , "The Yule Ball in Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire (movie, 2005) (G5) temporally includes Ron's jealousy (G3)." . ### dlp_temp:temporally-included-in dlp_temp:temporally-included-in rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:label "temporally included in" . ### dlp_temp:temporally-overlaps dlp_temp:temporally-overlaps rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "In GOLEM, indicates that two narrative events (G5) or psychological states (G3) overlap at some point in time." ; rdfs:label "temporally overlaps"@en ; skos:example "Ron’s jealousy (G3) temporally overlaps with Hermione’s arrival at the ball with Viktor Krum (G5)." . ### RDFS ### ### http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#member rdfs:member rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:comment "A member of the subject resource." , "In GOLEM, describes the sequence or order of items within a (dlp:)course, like fabula or syuzhet (G7)." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy rdfs: ; rdfs:label "member" ; skos:example """The fabula of Battle of Hogwarts in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows orders events as follows: rdf:_1 Voldemort casts the \"Avada Kedavra\" curse. rdf:_2 Harry casts \"Expelliarmus\" rdf:_3 The spells collide in midair, etc.""" . ### GOLEM ### ### golem:GP0_has_feature golem:GP0_has_feature rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf dul_region:hasRegion ; owl:inverseOf golem:GP0i_is_feature_of ; rdfs:domain [ rdf:type owl:Class ; owl:unionOf ( ecrm:E89_Propositional_Object golem:G1_Character ) ] ; rdfs:range golem:G2_Feature ; rdfs:comment "Indicates that a narrative or character has certain features." ; rdfs:label "has feature" ; skos:example "Harry Potter (G1) has feature bravery (G17)." , """The text of Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows (J. K. Rowling, 2007) (F2) hasFeature third-person limited perspective (G18).""" . ### golem:GP0i_is_feature_of golem:GP0i_is_feature_of rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:subPropertyOf dul_region:isRegionFor ; rdfs:domain golem:G2_Feature ; rdfs:range ecrm:E28_Conceptual_Object ; rdfs:comment "Indicates that a narrative or character has certain features." ; rdfs:label "is feature of" . ### golem:GP1_is_character_in golem:GP1_is_character_in rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; owl:inverseOf golem:GP1i_has_Character ; rdfs:domain golem:G1_Character ; rdfs:range lrmoo:F1_Work ; rdfs:comment "Indicates that a character appears in a work."@en ; rdfs:label "is character in"@en ; skos:example "Harry Potter (G1) *is character in* *Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone* (movie, 2001) (F1)." . ### golem:GP1i_has_Character golem:GP1i_has_Character rdf:type owl:ObjectProperty ; rdfs:domain lrmoo:F1_Work ; rdfs:range golem:G1_Character ; rdfs:comment "Indicates that a character appears in a work." ; rdfs:label "has character" . ################################################################# # Data properties ################################################################# ### ecrm:P90_has_value ecrm:P90_has_value rdf:type owl:DatatypeProperty ; rdfs:range rdfs:Literal ; rdfs:comment "This property allows an instance of E54 Dimension to be approximated by an instance of E60 Number primitive." ; rdfs:label "P90 has value" ; skos:example """Kudos (E54) has value 59 (E60). (Smile as Bright as the Sun as You Fade into Darkness from AO3)""" , "Word count (E54) has value 1,337 (E60)." . ################################################################# # Classes ################################################################# ### LRMoo ### ### lrmoo:F1_Work lrmoo:F1_Work rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf ecrm:E89_Propositional_Object , dlp_extDnS:description , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty lrmoo:R3_is_realised_in ; owl:someValuesFrom lrmoo:F2_Expression ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P130_shows_features_of ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G15_Fandom ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dol:proper-part ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G9_Narrative_Unit ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:d-uses ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G7_Narrative_Sequence ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:satisfied-by ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G12_Setting ] ; rdfs:comment """Scope note: This class comprises distinct intellectual ideas conveyed in artistic and intellectual creations, such a poems, stories or musical compositions. A Work is the outcome of an intellectual process of one or more persons. Inherent to the notion of work is the existence of recognisable realizations of the work in the form of one or more expressions. Works are often regarded as finished and discrete e.g. when declared as such by the creator of the work or based on the elaboration or logical coherence of its content. However, works may be recognized as existing but unfinished e.g. if the creators deliberately or accidentally never explicitly finished a particular Expression but have left behind partial expressions. In the absence of explicit information about the initial conception, which is rarely available, the first expression created constitutes witness of the beginning of existence of a Work. A Work can evolve over time, such as through revised editions. A Work may be elaborated by one or more Actors simultaneously, in parallel, or over time. Additional expressions of a Work can continue to be created over time. The boundaries of a Work have nothing to do with the value of the intellectual achievement but only with the dominance of a concept. The main purpose of this class is to enable bringing together intellectually equivalent Expressions in order to display to a user all available alternatives of the same intellectual or artistic content ([LRMoo version1.0, 2024](https://www.cidoc-crm.org/extensions/lrmoo/html/LRMoo_v1.0.html))."""@en , "“A Work is the outcome of an intellectual process of one or more persons. Inherent to the notion of work is the existence of recognisable realizations of the work in the form of one or more expressions.”. In GOLEM, a Work is a specific variant of a narrative Stoff. It includes specific characters, events, themes, and settings that are organized in a particular way (e.g. syuzhet)."@en ; rdfs:label "F1 Work"@en ; skos:example "*Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone* (movie, 2001)." . ### lrmoo:F2_Expression lrmoo:F2_Expression rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf ecrm:E73_Information_Object , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty lrmoo:R3i_realises ; owl:someValuesFrom lrmoo:F1_Work ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty lrmoo:R5_has_component ; owl:someValuesFrom lrmoo:F2_Expression ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P16i_was_used_for ; owl:someValuesFrom ecrm:E13_Attribute_Assignment ] ; rdfs:comment """Scope note: This class comprises the intellectual or artistic realisations of Works in the form of identifiable immaterial objects, such as texts, poems, jokes, musical or choreographic notations, movement pattern, sound pattern, images, multimedia objects, or any combination of such forms. The substance of F2 Expression is signs. An Expression is the outcome of the intellectual or creative process of realizing a Work. Subsequent expressions conveying the same work may be created over time. Expressions do not depend on a specific physical carrier and can exist on one or more carriers simultaneously. As far as bibliographic practice is concerned, only instances of F2 Expression that are externalised on physical carriers other than both the creator’s brain and an auditor’s brain are taken into account. The form of F2 Expression is an inherent characteristic of the F2 Expression. Differences in form imply different Expressions (e.g., from text to spoken word, a transcript of a recording). Similarly, differences in language or means of performance imply different Expressions (e.g., translations or arrangements for different instruments). Thus, if a text is revised or modified, the result is considered to be a new F2 Expression. While theoretically any change in signs will result in a new Expression, conventionally the context and use will determine the rules for distinguishing among expressions. An instance of F2 Expression which includes spoken or written text may be multiply instantiated as an instance of E33 Linguistic Object. This allows for the association of the E56 Language of the text with the instance of F2 Expression by using the property P72 has language (is language of) ([LRMoo version1.0, 2024](https://www.cidoc-crm.org/extensions/lrmoo/html/LRMoo_v1.0.html))."""@en , "In GOLEM, an expression is the realization of a work, reflecting how a story is conveyed through specific forms such as texts, audio, movies, or other visual media." ; rdfs:label "F2 Expression"@en ; skos:example "The text of the English version of *Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone*." . ### ECRM ### ### ecrm:E13_Attribute_Assignment ecrm:E13_Attribute_Assignment rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P141_assigned ; owl:someValuesFrom ecrm:E1_CRM_Entity ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P177_assigned_property_of_type ; owl:someValuesFrom ecrm:E55_Type ] ; rdfs:comment """This class comprises the actions of making assertions about one property of an object or any single relation between two items or concepts. The type of the property asserted to hold between two items or concepts can be described by the property P177 assigned property of type (is type of property assigned): E55 Type. For example, the class describes the actions of people making propositions and statements during certain scientific/scholarly procedures, e.g. the person and date when a condition statement was made, an identifier was assigned, the museum object was measured, etc. Which kinds of such assignments and statements need to be documented explicitly in structures of a schema rather than free text, depends on whether this information should be accessible by structured queries. This class allows for the documentation of how the respective assignment came about, and whose opinion it was. Note that all instances of properties described in a knowledge base are the opinion of someone. Per default, they are the opinion of the team maintaining the knowledge base. This fact must not individually be registered for all instances of properties provided by the maintaining team, because it would result in an endless recursion of whose opinion was the description of an opinion. Therefore, the use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment marks the fact that the maintaining team is in general neutral to the validity of the respective assertion, but registers someone else’s opinion and how it came about. All properties assigned in such an action can also be seen as directly relating the respective pair of items or concepts. Multiple use of instances of E13 Attribute Assignment may possibly lead to a collection of contradictory values ([CIDOC-ecrm version 7.1.3, 2024](https://cidoc-ecrm.org/html/cidoc_ecrm_v7.1.3.html))."""@en , "In GOLEM, an attribute assignment is a framework for modeling observations and inference-making processes. It involves the act of assigning a property to an entity or asserting a relationship between concepts. It is the activity of making a statement that links an attribute to a subject." ; rdfs:label "E13 Attribute Assignment"@en ; skos:example "Assigning the topic “friendship” to the work Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone." . ### ecrm:E28_Conceptual_Object ecrm:E28_Conceptual_Object rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf dlp_extDnS:social-object . ### ecrm:E54_Dimension ecrm:E54_Dimension rdf:type owl:Class ; skos:example "The word count and kudos on AO3 (https://archiveofourown.org/works)" . ### ecrm:E55_Type ecrm:E55_Type rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P127_has_broader_term ; owl:someValuesFrom ecrm:E55_Type ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P127i_has_narrower_term ; owl:someValuesFrom ecrm:E55_Type ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P2i_is_type_of ; owl:someValuesFrom ecrm:E1_CRM_Entity ] ; skos:example "The Tag categories on AO3, e.g. character tag or relationship tag." . ### ecrm:E58_Measurement_Unit ecrm:E58_Measurement_Unit rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment """This class is a specialization of E55 Type and comprises the types of measurement units: feet, inches, centimetres, litres, lumens, etc. This type is used categorically in the model without reference to instances of it, i.e. the model does not foresee the description of instances of instances of E58 Measurement Unit, e.g. “instances of cm”. Système International (SI) units or internationally recognized non-SI terms should be used whenever possible, such as those defined by ISO80000:2009. Archaic Measurement Units used in historical records should be preserved.""" ; rdfs:label "E58 Measurement Unit" ; skos:example "word counts, kudos." . ### ecrm:E89_Propositional_Object ecrm:E89_Propositional_Object rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty golem:GP0_has_feature ; owl:allValuesFrom golem:G18_Textual_Feature ] . ### DLP ### ### dol:time-interval dol:time-interval rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:setting ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G12_Setting ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:temporal-location-of ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G5_Narrative_Event ] ; rdfs:comment "A time-interval or time-span in a narrative refers to a duration or a specific time point during which events take place. It encompasses the beginning, end, and the length of time between them, allowing for the placement of actions on a chronological timeline. It can represent broad periods, like an era, or specific moments, like a single date or time." ; rdfs:label "Time Interval" ; skos:example "July 31, 1980 (Harry Potter's birthday)" . ### RDF ### ### http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#Seq rdf:Seq rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:comment "The class of ordered containers."@en ; rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf: ; rdfs:label "Seq"@en . ### GOLEM ### ### golem:G0_Character-Stoff golem:G0_Character-Stoff rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf ecrm:E28_Conceptual_Object , dlp_extDnS:social-object , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P130i_features_are_also_found_on ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G1_Character ] ; owl:disjointWith golem:G1_Character , lrmoo:F1_Work , golem:G9_Narrative_Unit ; rdfs:comment "The concept of Character-Stoff is derived from the German term Erzählstoff, referring to narrative material (Zgoll et al, 2020). Character-Stoff represents the infinite potential of a character across all known and unknown variations, extending beyond any singular depiction. It encompasses all possible versions, features, actions, and roles of a character across time and media, while remaining open to reinterpretation and transformation. This polymorphous nature allows for endless modifications. Thus, Character-Stoff is an ever-evolving, inexhaustible phenomenon, impossible to outline in full."@en ; rdfs:label "G0 Character-Stoff"@en ; skos:example """Harry Potter. The Harry Potter Stoff includes not only the known versions from books, films, and fan works, but also potential reinterpretations in future media or cultural contexts. Any imaginary version of Harry Potter could be potentially true, as the Character-Stoff allows for infinite variations and reinterpretations.""" . ### golem:G10_Narrative_Function golem:G10_Narrative_Function rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf dlp_extDnS:role , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:d-used-by ; owl:someValuesFrom lrmoo:F1_Work ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:modal-target ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G7_Narrative_Sequence ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:played-by ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G9_Narrative_Unit ] ; rdfs:comment "A narrative function refers to the functional roles that narrative units play within a story. For instance, the Proppian function (Propp, 1968) \"Villain causes harm or injury\" can be illustrated by the narrative unit where Zephyros causes Hyacinthus's death."@en ; rdfs:label "G10 Narrative Function"@en ; skos:example "Functions identified by Propp, Campbell, or Greimas (Greimas, 1983)." . ### golem:G11_Narrative_Role golem:G11_Narrative_Role rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf dlp_extDnS:role , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:d-used-by ; owl:someValuesFrom lrmoo:F1_Work ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:modal-target ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G7_Narrative_Sequence ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:played-by ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G1_Character ] ; rdfs:comment "A narrative role refers to the functional roles that characters play within a story. Roles are only played by characters (gc:G1)."@en ; rdfs:label "G11 Narrative Role"@en ; skos:example "Narrator, dramatis personae from Propp Ontology (Pannach et al., 2021) or *commedia dell’arte*." . ### golem:G12_Setting golem:G12_Setting rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf dlp_extDnS:situation , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:satisfies ; owl:someValuesFrom lrmoo:F1_Work ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:setting-for ; owl:someValuesFrom dol:time-interval ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:setting-for ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G13_Narrative_Location ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:setting-for ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G16_Object ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:setting-for ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G1_Character ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:setting-for ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G5_Narrative_Event ] ; owl:disjointWith golem:G13_Narrative_Location ; rdfs:comment "Setting is the narrative universe in which a story unfolds, encompassing the spatial, cultural, and social contexts that shape characters and events. It defines the situation and surroundings relevant to the narrative. Defining a setting for a Work is useful for its comparative and historical analysis with respect to other works. It is particularly apt to specify differences between canonical and fanfiction works that have Alternate Universe settings."@en ; rdfs:label "G12 Setting"@en ; skos:example """The Wizarding World for the Harry Potter novels. The “setting of “Eveline” [by J. Joyce] is early 20th-century lower-middle-class Dublin\" (Ryan, 2015).""" . ### golem:G13_Narrative_Location golem:G13_Narrative_Location rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf dlp_extDnS:non-agentive-social-object , ecrm:E28_Conceptual_Object, [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dol:generic-location-of ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G16_Object ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dol:generic-location-of ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G1_Character ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dol:proper-part ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G13_Narrative_Location ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dol:proper-part-of ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G13_Narrative_Location ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:setting ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G12_Setting ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_spat:participant-place-of ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G5_Narrative_Event ] ; owl:disjointWith dlp_csm:non-physical-place ; rdfs:comment "A narrative location is the spatial context in which events unfold—serving as the immediate frame of action within a story. It is a non-agentive social object shaped by the narrative structure. While it may derive features from real-world locations, it exists solely as an entity within the narrative domain."@en ; rdfs:label "G13 Narrative Location"@en ; skos:example "'England' or the 'Forbidden Forest' as depicted in the Harry Potter series—both conceived and situated within the fictional narrative context.\" ." . ### golem:G14_Narrative-Stoff golem:G14_Narrative-Stoff rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf ecrm:E28_Conceptual_Object , dlp_extDnS:description , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P130i_features_are_also_found_on ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G7_Narrative_Sequence ] ; owl:disjointWith golem:G15_Fandom ; rdfs:comment "Narrative Stoff refers to the fundamental materials that form the basis of a narrative. It contains a chronological sequence of events (golem:G7_Narrative_Sequence) that could be manifested across various narratives and media. This concept highlights the potential variations of narrative units within different contexts."@en ; rdfs:label "G14 Narrative-Stoff"@en ; skos:example "Apollo and Zephyros love Hyacinthus. While Apollo and Hyacinthus are playing a game with a discus, Zephyros uses the wind to change its direction, causing the discus to hit Hyacinthus and resulting in his death. Afterward, Hyacinthus transforms into a flower." . ### golem:G15_Fandom golem:G15_Fandom rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf ecrm:E28_Conceptual_Object , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P130i_features_are_also_found_on ; owl:someValuesFrom lrmoo:F1_Work ] ; rdfs:comment "A fandom is a group of fans who share a common interest in a particular work or topic, such as a book or movie, and engage in fan activities like discussions or creating fan works."@en ; rdfs:label "G15 Fandom"@en ; skos:example "The entity identified by the label “Harry Potter - J. K. Rowling” on AO3." . ### golem:G16_Object golem:G16_Object rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf ecrm:E28_Conceptual_Object , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dol:generic-location ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G13_Narrative_Location ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:setting ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G12_Setting ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:used-by ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G1_Character ] ; rdfs:comment "An object refers to a persistent item that plays a significant role in the story but is not a character."@en ; rdfs:label "G16 Object"@en ; skos:example "The Elder Wand carried by Harry Potter." . ### golem:G17_Character_Feature golem:G17_Character_Feature rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf golem:G2_Feature ; owl:disjointWith golem:G18_Textual_Feature ; rdfs:comment "Character traits or features are stable aspects defining a character's identity, including biographical (e.g., birth, death), physical (e.g., hair color, scars), and psychological features (e.g., personality). These three subcategories are specified using ecrm:E55_Type."@en ; rdfs:label "G17 Character Feature"@en ; skos:example """Harry Potter’s bravery as inferred from the sentence “Harry screwed up his courage” (chapter 17 of Harry Potter and the Philosopher’s Stone).""" . ### golem:G18_Textual_Feature golem:G18_Textual_Feature rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf golem:G2_Feature ; rdfs:comment "Textual features are the elements or characteristics found in a narrative or fictions. These features include narrative style, like the tone and writing techniques employed by the author, as well as the point of view (POV) that determines the perspective from which the story is told, such as first-person or third-person. Textual features also contain the voice reflecting authors' attitude, the diction referring to the authors' choice of words, etc. Taxonomies of textual features can be further specified using ecrm:E55_Type."@en ; rdfs:label "G18 Textual Feature"@en ; skos:example "Stream of consciousness, first-person perspective" . ### golem:G1_Character golem:G1_Character rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf ecrm:E28_Conceptual_Object , dlp_extDnS:agentive-social-object , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty golem:GP0_has_feature ; owl:allValuesFrom golem:G17_Character_Feature ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P130_shows_features_of ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G0_Character-Stoff ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dol:participant-in ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G5_Narrative_Event ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:involved-in ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G4_Social_Relationship ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:plays ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G11_Narrative_Role ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:plays ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G6_Relationship_Role ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:setting ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G12_Setting ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:uses ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G16_Object ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty golem:GP1_is_character_in ; owl:someValuesFrom lrmoo:F1_Work ] ; owl:disjointWith golem:G16_Object ; rdfs:comment "“Character is a text- or media-based figure in a storyworld, usually human or human-like,” understood through readers’ knowledge of real people (Jannidis, 2019). Readers attribute to characters mental states such as intentions and beliefs, and consider them to engage in actions. Characters can have specific functional roles within narratives, such as protagonist or antagonist, influencing how readers perceive and interpret the story."@en ; rdfs:label "G1 Character"@en ; skos:example "Harry Potter in the novel *Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone*." . ### golem:G2_Feature golem:G2_Feature rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf dul_region:Region ; rdfs:comment """A feature in the context of narrative refers to a distinct element or characteristic that contributes to the structure and meaning of a story. Features include character traits and textual elements. Taxonomies of features can be further specified using ecrm:E55_Type."""@en ; rdfs:label "G2 Feature"@en ; skos:example "Style, theme, literary devices" . ### golem:G3_Psychological_State golem:G3_Psychological_State rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf dol:state , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_funct:state-of ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G1_Character ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:follows ; owl:allValuesFrom [ owl:unionOf ( golem:G3_Psychological_State golem:G5_Narrative_Event ) ] ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:temporally-includes ; owl:allValuesFrom [ owl:unionOf ( golem:G3_Psychological_State golem:G5_Narrative_Event ) ] ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:temporally-overlaps ; owl:allValuesFrom [ owl:unionOf ( golem:G3_Psychological_State golem:G5_Narrative_Event ) ] ] ; rdfs:comment "A psychological state is a temporal mental condition that may change over time but possesses relatively constant qualities, such as emotions, motivations, beliefs, and goals."@en ; rdfs:label "G3 Psychological State"@en ; skos:example """Ron's jealousy (Yule Ball). In the Yule Ball scene, Ron's jealousy stems from his unacknowledged feeling for Hermione and his insecurity. Seeing Hermione arriving at the ball with Viktor Krum, Ron lashes out and criticizes Hermione. His anger reveals his jealousy (chapter 23 of Harry Potter and The Goblet of Fire).""" . ### golem:G4_Social_Relationship golem:G4_Social_Relationship rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf dlp_extDnS:social-relationship , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:d-uses ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G6_Relationship_Role ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:d-uses ; owl:allValuesFrom golem:G6_Relationship_Role ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:involves ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G1_Character ] ; owl:disjointWith golem:G13_Narrative_Location ; rdfs:comment "“A social description defining roles for the interaction of cognitive agents (DOLCE-Lite-Plus, 2005)” or dlp:agentive-social-objects. Characters are involved in social relationships."@en ; rdfs:label "G4 Social Relationships"@en ; skos:example """Romantic love between Ron and Hermione, which can be inferred from the paragraph below: \"There was a clatter as the basilisk fangs cascaded out of Hermione’s arms. Running at Ron, she flung them around his neck and kissed him full on the mouth. Ron threw away the fangs and broomstick he was holding and responded with such enthusiasm that he lifted Hermione off her feet\" (chapter 31 in Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows).""" . ### golem:G5_Narrative_Event golem:G5_Narrative_Event rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf dol:perdurant , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dol:participant ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G1_Character ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:setting ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G12_Setting ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_spat:participant-place ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G13_Narrative_Location ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:follows ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G3_Psychological_State ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:follows ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G5_Narrative_Event ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:precedes ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G3_Psychological_State ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:precedes ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G5_Narrative_Event ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:temporally-included-in ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G3_Psychological_State ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:temporally-included-in ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G5_Narrative_Event ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:temporally-includes ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G3_Psychological_State ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:temporally-includes ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G5_Narrative_Event ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:temporally-overlaps ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G3_Psychological_State ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_temp:temporally-overlaps ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G5_Narrative_Event ] ; owl:disjointWith golem:G3_Psychological_State ; rdfs:comment "A narrative event is a unit inferred from a span of text and it can express a change of state, a process, or a state of things that supports the story, as defined by its temporality and sequentiality.. Events can be either external, like actions taken by characters, or psychological, involving changes in thoughts or feelings, which are distinct from a psychological state (cf. Gius and Vauth, 2022). Types of events can be specified using ecrm:E55_Type."@en ; rdfs:label "G5 Narrative Event"@en ; skos:example "\"There was a clatter as the basilisk fangs cascaded out of Hermione’s arms [process event]. Running at Ron [process event], she flung them around his neck and kissed him full on the mouth [change of state]. Ron threw away the fangs and broomstick [process event] he was holding and responded with such enthusiasm that he lifted Hermione off her feet [change of state].\"" . ### golem:G6_Relationship_Role golem:G6_Relationship_Role rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf dlp_extDnS:role , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:d-used-by ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G4_Social_Relationship ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:played-by ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G1_Character ] ; rdfs:comment "A relationship role refers to the functional role a character plays within the context of their interactions with other characters, serving as a descriptive counterpart to their enduring qualities, with characters participating in events (perdurants)."@en ; rdfs:label "G6 Relationship Role"@en ; skos:example """Lover (both Ron and Hermione in the “Ron and Hermione” romantic relationship). Beloved (both Ron and Hermione in the “Ron and Hermione” romantic relationship).""" . ### golem:G7_Narrative_Sequence golem:G7_Narrative_Sequence rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf dlp_extDnS:course , rdf:Seq , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P130_shows_features_of ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G14_Narrative-Stoff ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:d-used-by ; owl:someValuesFrom lrmoo:F1_Work ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:modal-target-of ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G10_Narrative_Function ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:modal-target-of ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G11_Narrative_Role ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:sequences ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G5_Narrative_Event ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty rdfs:member ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G9_Narrative_Unit ] ; owl:disjointWith golem:G13_Narrative_Location ; rdfs:comment "G7_Narrative_Sequences can take various forms, including sequences of functions, such as Proppian functions (Propp, 1968), sequences of motifs, or hyleme sequences like fabula and syuzhet. Specifically, a type of narrative sequence is fabula, which refers to the sequence of events of a narrative in chronological and causal order (Abbott, 2019). It represents the underlying structure of the story or what happens in it. Since the concept of fabula is mainly defined in relation to that of syuzhet, its conceptual function is to express a specific ordering of some narrative units. Accordingly, the fabula is a sequence (rdf:Seq) of narrative units (gc:G9) that orders (dlp:sequences) a set of temporal entities called events (dlp: perdurant). Another type is syuzhet, often translated as \"plot\" or “discourse”. Syuzhet encompasses how events are presented and organized within a narrative (Kukkonen, 2019; Abbott, 2019). It involves the specific ordering and techniques used to articulate the story, reflecting the author’s design and organization to achieve particular aesthetic and cognitive-emotional effects, like suspense. As for fabula, the conceptual function of syuzhet is to express a specific ordering of some narrative units. Accordingly, the syuzhet is a sequence (rdf:Seq) of narrative units (gc:G9) that orders (dlp:sequences) a set of temporal entities called events (dlp: perdurant)."@en ; rdfs:label "G7 Narrative Sequence"@en ; skos:example """Text: “1) I used to love this boy, and (2) he used to love me. (3) But I failed, he has been dead for years, and I am a god…(4) We were in a sunny field playing, as we both loved sports. He grabbed a diskus...He ran laughing to catch it. He should have gotten it, but in those last moments it felt like years....(5) A slight change in the wind destroyed everything. Instead of catching the diskus,it hit his head... I tried everything. Everything. Magic, all forms of healing. (6) But I could not bring him back. Me, the god of healing, failed…(7) and in its place a flower, more beautiful than royal phonecian, was born…(8) I dared Zephyros, the West Wind, who also loved Hyacinthus. I dared him to take him away from me. My greed caused his death” (fanfiction story [Smile as Bright as the Sun as You Fade into Darkness](https://archiveofourown.org/works/38717322/chapters/96804426) from AO3). Fabula (sequence of hylemes, a type of G9_Narrative_Unit): H1: [Apollo] loves [Hyacinthus] (durative-constant) H2: Zephyros loves Hyacinthus (durative-constant) H3: [Hyacinthus] loves [Apollo] (durative-initial) H4: [Apollo and Hyacinthus] play the game of discus (single-event) H5: Zephyros is the West Wind. (durative-constant) [H6: Zephyros causes the wind to change. (single-event)] H7: The discus hits Hyacinthus (single-event) H8: Apollo fails to save Hyacinthus (single-event) H9: [Hyacinthus] is dead (durative-resultative) [H10: Hyacinthus is a flower (durative-resultative)] Syuthet (sequence of hylemes, a type of G9_Narrative_Unit): H4: [Apollo and Hyacinthus] play the game of discus (single-event) H6: Zephyros causes the wind to change. (single-event) H7: The discus hits Hyacinthus (single-event) H8: Apollo fails to save Hyacinthus (single-event) H9: [Hyacinthus] is dead (durative-resultative) H10: Hyacinthus is a flower (durative-resultative) H1: [Apollo] loves [Hyacinthus] (durative-constant) H3: [Hyacinthus] loves [Apollo] (durative-initial) H2: Zephyros loves Hyacinthus (durative-constant) H5: Zephyros is the West Wind. (durative-constant)""" . ### golem:G9_Narrative_Unit golem:G9_Narrative_Unit rdf:type owl:Class ; rdfs:subClassOf ecrm:E89_Propositional_Object , dlp_extDnS:description , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty ecrm:P67_refers_to ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G5_Narrative_Event ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dol:proper-part-of ; owl:someValuesFrom lrmoo:F1_Work ] , [ rdf:type owl:Restriction ; owl:onProperty dlp_extDnS:plays ; owl:someValuesFrom golem:G10_Narrative_Function ] ; owl:disjointWith golem:G5_Narrative_Event ; rdfs:comment "A narrative unit is the minimal or fundamental component of narrative structure that articulates actions, states, or thematic elements within a story. The advantage of having narrative unit as a concept distinct from that of narrative event (G5) is that narrative units can be propositional objects formulated differently from how events are presented in the narrative. For example, hylemes (Zgoll et al., 2023; Pannach, 2023) are narrative units (statements) composed of a subject, predicate, and optional object. They represent the fundamental building blocks of any narrative structure, describing actions, states, or information present within a narrative , such as \"Apollo loves Hyacinthus.\""@en ; rdfs:label "G9 Narrative Unit"@en ; skos:example "A hyleme such as \"Apollo loves Hyacinthus\"." . ### Assert pairwise disjointness among relationship roles, narrative functions, narrative roles, and narrative locations [] a owl:AllDisjointClasses ; owl:members ( golem:G6_Relationship_Role golem:G10_Narrative_Function golem:G11_Narrative_Role golem:G13_Narrative_Location ) . ################################################################# # Annotations ################################################################# dlp_extDnS:flux rdfs:comment "Fluxes are processes that (also) contain accomplishments as constituents. In other words, fluxes emerge out of accomplishments." . dlp_extDnS:rational-physical-object rdfs:comment "In this ontology, a rational object is encoded as having the ability to internally represent meta-descriptions (descriptions that have other descriptions playing roles used by them). Other theories of rational agency assume desires and intentions for these objects, but in principle any agent can have desires and intentions: the very difference seems to be the ability to choose among different desires or intentions by going 'meta-level'." . dlp_extDnS:reconstructed-flux rdfs:comment "Reconstructed fluxes are fluxes that only contain accomplishments as members." . rdf:direction rdfs:comment "The base direction component of a CompoundLiteral." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf: ; rdfs:label "direction" ; rdfs:seeAlso . rdf:language rdfs:comment "The language component of a CompoundLiteral." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf: ; rdfs:label "language" ; rdfs:seeAlso . rdf:nil rdfs:comment "The empty list, with no items in it. If the rest of a list is nil then the list has no more items in it." ; rdfs:isDefinedBy rdf: ; rdfs:label "nil" .